A Timeline of Events in Electromagnetism

Human fascination with electromagnetism, the interaction of electric currents and magnetic fields, dates back to the dawn of time with the human observation of lightning and other unexplainable occurrences, such as electric fish and eels. Humans knew there was a phenomenon, but it remained shrouded in mysticism until the 1600s when scientists began digging deeper into theory. This timeline of events about the discovery and research leading to our modern understanding of electromagnetism demonstrates how scientists, inventors, and theorists worked together to advance the science collectively. 600 BCE: Sparking Amber in Ancient Greece The earliest writings about electromagnetism were in 600 BCE, when the ancient Greek philosopher, mathematician and scientist Thales of Miletus described his experiments rubbing animal fur on various substances such as amber. Thales discovered that amber rubbed with fur attracts bits of dust and hairs that create static electricity, and if he rubbed the amber for long enough, he could even get an electric spark to jump. 221–206 BCE: Chinese Lodestone Compass The magnetic compass is an ancient Chinese invention, likely first made in China during the Qin dynasty, from 221 to 206 BCE. The compass used a lodestone, a magnetic oxide, to indicate true north. The underlying concept may not have been understood, but the ability of the compass to point true north was clear. 1600: Gilbert and the Lodestone Toward the late 16th century, the founder of electrical science English scientist William Gilbert published De Magnete in Latin translated as On the Magnet or On the Lodestone. Gilbert was a contemporary of Galileo, who was impressed by Gilberts work. Gilbert undertook a number of careful electrical experiments, in the course of which he discovered that many substances were capable of manifesting electrical properties. Gilbert also discovered that a heated body lost its electricity and that moisture prevented the electrification of all bodies. He also noticed that electrified substances attracted all other substances indiscriminately, whereas a magnet only attracted iron. 1752: Franklins Kite Experiments American founding father Benjamin Franklin is famous for the extremely dangerous experiment he ran, of having his son fly a kite through a storm-threatened sky. A key attached to the kite string sparked and charged a Leyden jar, thus establishing the link between lightning and electricity. Following these experiments, he invented the lightning rod. Franklin discovered there are two kinds of charges, positive and negative: objects with like charges repel one another, and those with unlike charges attract one another. Franklin also documented the conservation of charge, the theory that an isolated system has a constant total charge. 1785: Coulombs Law In 1785, French physicist Charles-Augustin de Coulomb developed Coulombs law, the definition of the electrostatic force of attraction and repulsion. He found that the force exerted between two small electrified bodies is directly proportional to the product of the magnitude of charges and varies inversely to the square of the distance between those charges. Coulombs discovery of the law of inverse squares virtually annexed a large part of the domain of electricity. He also produced important work on the study of friction. 1789: Galvanic Electricity In 1780, Italian professor Luigi Galvani (1737–1790) discovered that electricity from two different metals causes frog legs to twitch. He observed that a frogs muscle, suspended on an iron balustrade by a copper hook passing through its dorsal column, underwent lively convulsions without any extraneous cause. To account for this phenomenon, Galvani assumed that electricity of opposite kinds existed in the nerves and muscles of the frog. Galvani published the results of his discoveries in 1789, together with his hypothesis, which engrossed the attention of the physicists of that time. 1790: Voltaic Electricity Italian physicist, chemist and inventor Alessandro Volta (1745–1827) read of Galvanis research and in his own work discovered that chemicals acting on two dissimilar metals generate electricity without the benefit of a frog. He invented the first electric battery, the voltaic pile battery in 1799. With the pile battery, Volta proved that electricity could be generated chemically and debunked the prevalent theory that electricity was generated solely by living beings. Voltas invention sparked a great deal of scientific excitement, leading others to conduct similar experiments which eventually led to the development of the field of electrochemistry. 1820: Magnetic Fields In 1820, Danish physicist and chemist Hans Christian Oersted (1777–1851) discovered what would become known as Oersteds Law: that an electric current affects a compass needle and creates magnetic fields. He was the first scientist to find the connection between electricity and magnetism. 1821: Amperes Electrodynamics French physicist Andre Marie Ampere (1775–1836) found that wires carrying current produce forces on each other, announcing his theory of electrodynamics in 1821. Amperes theory of electrodynamics states that two parallel portions of a circuit attract one another if the currents in them are flowing in the same direction, and repel one another if the currents flow in the opposite direction. Two portions of circuits crossing one another obliquely attract one another if both the currents flow either towards or from the point of crossing and repel one another if one flows to and the other from that point. When an element of a circuit exerts a force on another element of a circuit, that force always tends to urge the second one in a direction at right angles to its own direction. 1831: Faraday and Electromagnetic Induction English scientist Michael Faraday (1791–1867) at the Royal Society in London developed the idea of an electric field and studied the effect of currents on magnets. His research found that the magnetic field created around a conductor carried a direct current, thereby establishing the basis for the concept of the electromagnetic field in physics. Faraday also established that magnetism could affect rays of light and that there was an underlying relationship between the two phenomena. He similarly discovered the principles of electromagnetic induction and diamagnetism and the laws of electrolysis. 1873: Maxwell and the Basis of Electromagnetic Theory James Clerk Maxwell (1831–1879), a Scottish physicist and mathematician, recognized that electromagnetisms processes could be established using mathematics. Maxwell published Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism in 1873 in which he summarizes and synthesizes the discoveries of Coloumb, Oersted, Ampere, Faraday into four mathematical equations. Maxwells equations are used today as the basis of electromagnetic theory. Maxwell predicts the connections of magnetism and electricity leading directly to the prediction of electromagnetic waves. 1885: Hertz and Electric Waves German physicist Heinrich Hertz proved Maxwells electromagnetic wave theory was correct, and in the process, generated and detected electromagnetic waves. Hertz published his work in a book, Electric Waves: Being Researches on the Propagation of Electric Action With Finite Velocity Through Space. The discovery of electromagnetic waves led to the development to the radio. The unit of frequency of the waves measured in cycles per second was named the hertz in his honor. 1895: Marconi and the Radio In 1895, Italian inventor and electrical engineer Guglielmo Marconi put the discovery of electromagnetic waves to practical use by sending messages over long distances using radio signals, also known as the wireless. He was known for his pioneering work on long-distance radio transmission and his development of Marconis law and a radio telegraph system. He is often credited as the inventor of the radio, and he shared the 1909 Nobel Prize in Physics with Karl Ferdinand Braun in recognition of their contributions to the development of wireless telegraphy. Sources Andrà © Marie Ampà ¨re. St. Andrews University. 1998. Web. June 10, 2018.Benjamin Franklin and the Kite Experiment. The Franklin Institute. Web. June 10, 2018.Coulombs Law. The Physics Classroom. Web. June 10, 2018. De Magnete. The William Gilbert Website. Web. June 10, 2018.July 1820: Oersted and electromagnetism. This Month in Physics History, APS News. 2008. Web. June 10, 2018.OGrady, Patricia. Thales of Miletus (c. 620 B.C.E.—c. 546 B.C.E.). Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Web. June 10, 2018Silverman, Susan. Compass, China, 200 BCE. Smith College. Web. June 10, 2018.

USAs Involvement in the Vietnam War Essay - 1799 Words

USAs Involvement in the Vietnam War The USA had a colossal hatred for the strong spread of communism that seemed to sweep across Eastern Asia. Although Vietnam, part of Indochina in South-East Asia was many thousands of miles away from the USA, due to obsessive paranoia and the threat of its national interest, America felt threatened adequately enough to fight a war there. The USA’s suspicion that the communists were taking over the world was exceptionally strong. Their explanation for their most paranoid attitude lay in the Korean War, the communist take-over of China, the Cold War and also the communist success over the French in Vietnam. The USA remained indirectly involved until 1965.†¦show more content†¦The earlier policy of isolationism was now over; ‘containment’ was underway and it hoped to put an end to the spread. The USA was determined that no more countries were to turn communist. Also ‘The Marshall Plan’ was set up. Marshall aid was offered to many countries inclu ding communist ones. The aid included goods, loans, food and advisers. By helping communist countries also, it could perhaps advise and persuade the benefits of capitalism, so not only was the USA using the method of containment, they were attempting to ‘switch’ those countries already made communist. 1949 was a appalling year for the USA. The USA was no longer the only nuclear power as the USSR had exploded its very own atom bomb. Also, although the USA has spent around $2 billion supporting anti-communist countries - China had become communist. This worried America immeasurably. The Vietminh, regardless of assistance from China, were forced back from 1950-1951 when General De Lattre De Tassigny inflicted a series of defeats on the Vietminh. The USA supported the French as their opponents were communists. If the French won, Vietnam wouldn’t be communist. 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Cultivating Cultural Differences Asymmetric-Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Cultivating Cultural Differences Asymmetric? Answer: Introducation This reflection has been executed on the topic Business Communication in which discussion will be made regarding the intercultural communication. Intercultural communication is an important aspect of the business environment. With the increase in the number of organisations operating at international level or global level, there is an increase in the number of employees, customers and other stakeholders belonging from different cultures who are crucial for every business (Ainsworth, 2013). This globalisation has resulted in an increase in the communication between the individuals belonging from different linguistic and cultural backgrounds. The term intercultural communication can be defined as a discipline which helps in studying the communication process adopted across the different cultures and other groups and the manner in which culture of the organisation affects the communication (Blahova, 2015). Effective intercultural communication is essential for the business as it helps i n dealing with the different barriers faced by the organisation due to differences in language and stereotypes (Martin Nakayama, 2012). It is vital to develop the knowledge of the concept of intercultural communication and its importance for the business. Businesses operating at global level need to develop the understanding of the intercultural communication (Fu, 2010). Every aspect of the business is dependent on the intercultural communication such as human resource, marketing, production and other departments (Ostendorf, 2012). Use of effective intercultural communication method or process will enhance the communication process used by the organisation for communicating with the employees, customers and other stakeholders. Poor communication among the employees, customers and other stakeholders can affect the performance of the organisation as well as sales of the organisation (Padhi, 2016). There are various barriers to intercultural communication process of the business. These barriers include the difference in the language, difference in the body language, level of context, adverse stereotypes and prejudices and feelings and emotions. Strategies can be used for the purpose of overcoming these barriers to intercultural communication (Zheng, 2015). These strategies include acknowledging the differences, focusing on the behaviour, development of intercultural sensitivity and accepting the differences by providing intercultural communication training programs (Ybema Hyunghae, 2009). Cultural difference is an interesting topic which has attracted me towards executing the reflection on the intercultural communication. Cultural difference is an important element of the dynamic and global business environment which has gained much importance. I have selected this topic for this reflection due to three reasons. I have conducted this reflection on intercultural communication as it is an essential element of the dynamic and global business environment. I will enhance my knowledge regarding the concept of cultural differences and link between cultural differences and communication process. This knowledge will help me in shaping my knowledge with the trending aspects of the business environment. Another reason hidden behind the execution of this reflection on this topic is to develop a base for the future role or career role as being a professional one must develop effective communication skills for communicating with the people belonging to different cultures properly. I will use the knowledge and skills gained regarding the reflection topic for meeting the roles and responsibilities assigned and ensuring that the performance is not getting affected due to the lack of knowledge of cultural differences and the manner in which these can be dealt in. I will ensure that cultural differences are not resulting in disputes or conflicts in the organisation I will be a part of. Another reason behind the selection of this topic for my reflection is to use this knowledge gained for establishing a healthy relationship in the professional career. This knowledge of the intercultural communication process will help me communicate with the different stakeholders in a better manner. For gaining the advantage of the growth opportunities available, I need to enhance the knowledge regarding the crucial aspects of the business environment. I will use the knowledge for enhancing the quality of the relationship shared with employees, customers, management and other entities in a better way. Conflicts may arise at the workplace due to the lack of knowledge of cultural differences and intercultural communication channels. I will be able to deal with these conflicts arising at the workplace in a better way by applying the approach of intercultural communication. In the present era, I have faced various challenges due to the lack of knowledge of intercultural differences and communication strategies for dealing with these differences. I have faced the issue in communicating with people due to lack of knowledge of intercultural communication. I will use the knowledge in the present as well as future for dealing different situations. During the present era, I have analysed that I have issues in communicating with the people of different culture due to lack of knowledge of the communication channel which can be used for communicating with them. During the execution process of this reflection, I have understood the role of cultural differences and intercultural communication in dealing with these types of situations. I will use the intercultural communication process for communicating in an effective manner without any miscommunication or misunderstanding. I will use the knowledge for performing the roles and responsibilities assigned to me in future. This knowledge will help in matching with the roles and responsibilities assigned. I have gained knowledge regarding the manner in which barriers to intercultural communication can be dealt. As a professional, I have to deal with different individuals at the workplace. These individuals include customers, employees, managers, management, shareholders, subordinates or investors. Differences in the culture can result in lack of effective communication and increase the chances of errors. This can affect the satisfaction level of the individuals I am communicating with. I will ensure that I am dealing with the individuals from different cultures. This knowledge of intercultural communication will help me in gaining the advantage of the opportunities for the growth in a career. Thus, it can be concluded that intercultural communication knowledge is important for every individual for its present and career perspective. I will apply the knowledge gained in a better manner for dealing with situations I will face. I will be able to interact with the people belonging to different cultures which will enhance my knowledge and skills. References Ainsworth, J., 2013, Business Languages for Intercultural and International Business Communication: A Canadian Case Study, Business Communication Quarterly: BCQ, 76, 28-50. Blahova, M., 2015, Specific Role of Non-verbal Communication in Business, European Scientific Journal April 2015 edition, 11(10). Fu, Z.Y., 2010, A Study of How to Develop Students Intercultural Communication Competence (ICC) in Business English Teaching (BET), Asian Social Science, 4, 84. Martin, J. Nakayama, T., 2012, Intercultural Communication in Contexts, McGraw-Hill Humanities. Ostendorf, A.M., 2012, Intercultural business communication, Business Communication Quarterly: BCQ, 75, 221-224. Padhi, P. K., 2016, The Rising Importance of Cross Cultural Communication in Global Business Scenario, Journal of Research in Humanities and Social Science, 4(1), 20-26. Ybema, S. Hyunghae, B., 2009, Cultivating Cultural Differences in Asymmetric Power Relations, International Journal of Cross Cultural Management, 9(3), 339 358. Zheng, M., 2015, Intercultural Competence in Intercultural Business Communication, Open Journal of Social Sciences, 3, 197-200.

Gifted and Talented Children free essay sample

A study on the academic resources for gifted children. This paper examines the education system resources for gifted and talented children. The paper states that these children are often the most neglected population in the classroom, and are expected to independently develop academically. The author writes about the often emotional torment of the gifted child, and the need for training and coaching these children as would be done for a child with athletic talent. Gifted and talented, in the past as well as the present, are the ones who have received the least attention as far as education is concerned. The teachers and ones who are responsible for preparing the education system take it for granted that children with exceptional gifts will just develop academically on their own. A gifted child or adult, whether creative, athletic or intelligent, sometimes intimidate authorities who are to educate or supervise them as well as people on their own level which is one of the reasons their resources are the most overlooked, and they lack the skills and knowledge in order for them to achieve their full potential. We will write a custom essay sample on Gifted and Talented Children or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page